Ltg grisoli biography of christopher columbus
Christopher Columbus (–) was an Italian explorer, colonizer, and navigator. He is remembered as the principal European discoverer of the Americas and he helped bring the Americas to the forefront of the western consciousness. His discoveries and travels laid the framework for the later European colonisation of Latin and North America.
“You can never cross the ocean unless you have the courage to lose sight of the shore.”
– Christopher Columbus
Short bio Christopher Columbus (–)
Christopher Columbus was born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today Northwestern Italy.
His father was a middle-class wool merchant, though it was relatively humble beginnings for what he later became. Columbus learnt to sail from an early age and later worked as a business agent, travelling around Europe to England, Ireland and later along the West coast of Africa.
He was not a scholar but was an enthusiastic self-educated man, who read extensively on astronomy, science and navigation. He also became fluent in Latin, Portuguese and Spanish.
Christopher Columbus was a believer in the spherical nature of the world (some Christians still held the view that the world was flat). An ambitious man, Christopher Columbus hoped to find a Western trade route to the lucrative spice markets in Asia.
Rather than sailing east, he hoped that sailing west would lead to countries like Japan and China.
To gain the necessary funding and support for his journeys, he approached the Catholic Monarchs of Spain.
Ltg grisoli biography of christopher columbus book Filipa was the daughter of a prominent nobleman, and their union provided Columbus with valuable connections that might have aided his later expeditions. He was determined to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia, but he never did. He kept a detailed diary during his first voyage. This duality highlights how Columbus, often celebrated as a pioneering explorer, also stands as a symbol of conquest and colonization that irrevocably changed the world.As part of his offer, he said that he hoped to be able to spread Christianity to &#;heathen lands&#; in the east. The Spanish monarchs agreed to fund Columbus, partly on the Christian missionary efforts, but also hoping to gain an upper hand in the lucrative trade markets. One advantage of the westward exploration is that it avoided conflict with the growing power of the Ottomans in the east.
&#;I should not proceed by land to the East, as is customary, but by a Westerly route, in which direction we have hitherto no certain evidence that any one has gone.&#; Journal of the First Voyage &#; 3 August diary entry
Voyages to the Americas
A map from , with the perceived geography of the world in yellow (superimposed on actual land)
Columbus&#; first voyage was completed in He had intended to sail to Japan but ended up in the Bahamas, which he named San Salvador.
Landing of Columbus (12 October ), painting by John Vanderlyn
Columbus made a total of four journeys, where he sailed extensively around the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Jamaica, the Bahamas and also to the mainland, to places such as Panama.
Columbus was not the first person to reach America.
Previous successful voyages included a Norse expedition led by Leif Ericson. However, Columbus was the first to travel to America and establish permanent settlements. Columbus&#; voyages and reports, over the next years encouraged all the major European powers to seek to colonise parts of America.
Columbus was a skilled navigator with tremendous faith in the possibilities of exploration.
He claimed in his diary entries, his steely will held the crew together when they feared they would never reach land.
&#;Here the men lost all patience, and complained of the length of the voyage, but the Admiral encouraged them in the best manner he could, representing the profits they were about to acquire, and adding that it was to no purpose to complain, having come so far, they had nothing to do but continue on to the Indies, till with the help of our Lord, they should arrive there.&#; Diary entry, 10 October
However, his autocratic style created friction on the boats that he guided.
Columbus was deeply religious and his tendency to be sanctimonious and judgemental of personal failings was not popular with sailors who took a more earthy and realistic approach to life. Yet, whilst he was pious in some regards, he also shared the view, common at the time, that European Christians had a moral superiority due to their following the one true faith.
Although Columbus held back some of the worst excesses of his sailors, he took back human slaves and looted property from the indigenous people.
As part of the deal, the Spanish monarchy appointed Columbus Viceroy and Governor of the Indies in the island of Hispaniola.
Ltg grisoli biography of christopher columbus for kids His estimates of the wealth he would find were vastly overstated, leading to dissatisfaction among his investors and the Crown. That is, it dates back to early Rome. In , cleared of the most serious charges but stripped of his noble titles, the aging Columbus persuaded the Spanish crown to pay for one last trip across the Atlantic. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan has served as the President of India from toHe also delegated the governorship to his brothers. However, in , on the orders of the Spanish monarchy, Columbus was arrested and placed in chains. There were allegations of incompetence, misrule and barbaric practices in the governorship of the new colonies. After several weeks in jail, Columbus and his brothers were released, but Columbus was not allowed to be governor of Hispaniola anymore.
Towards the end of his life, Columbus became increasingly religious.
In particular, he became fascinated with Biblical prophecies and wrote his own &#;Book of Prophecies&#; (). He was also frustrated with his lack of public recognition and seeming demotion in the eyes of the Spanish monarchs.
Biography of marco polo However, they also initiated a legacy of exploitation and devastation for native populations, as introduced European diseases and aggressive colonization efforts decimated indigenous societies. He remained at sea until , when pirates attacked his ship as it sailed north along the Portuguese coast. Email Updates. Christopher Columbus began his maritime career as a teenager, participating in several trading voyages across the Mediterranean and Aegean seas.In , he wrote a letter to the monarchs laying out his sense of unappreciated sacrifice
&#;I came to serve you at the age of 28 and now I have not a hair on me that is not white, and my body is infirm and exhausted. All that was left to me and my brothers has been taken away and sold, even to the cloak that I wore, without hearing or trial, to my great dishonor.&#; &#; Lettera Rarissima to the Sovereigns, Fourth Voyage (7 July )
Columbus died in , aged 54 from a heart attack related to reactive arthritis.
Undoubtedly, the rigours of travelling across the seas weighed upon Columbus&#; health. Towards the end of his life, he was frequently in physical pain from his journeys.
Columbus is venerated by many European Americans as the man who helped put America on the map. Columbus Day is observed on 12 October in Spain and across the Americas.
Others take a more critical view of Columbus, arguing that his &#;discovery&#; was not really a discovery &#; because the land was already populated and that through his actions the ensuing European colonisations led to the mistreatment and genocide of the Native American people who already lived there.
Citation: Pettinger, Tejvan.
Biography of charles darwin: Christopher Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century opened the Americas to European exploration and colonization, fundamentally altering the course of both European and Indigenous civilizations. This duality highlights how Columbus, often celebrated as a pioneering explorer, also stands as a symbol of conquest and colonization that irrevocably changed the world. Still in search of a strait to India, Columbus makes it as far as modern-day Panama, which straddles the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. After failing to find the strait, he returns to Hispaniola, where Spanish authorities arrest him for the brutal way he runs the colony there.
&#;Biography of Christopher Columbus”, Oxford, UK. , 13th May. Updated 22 January
Who was Christopher Columbus?
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