John langdon haydon down biography of rory

John Langdon Down

British physician who described Down syndrome (–)

"John Down" redirects here. For the Victoria Cross recipient, see John Thornton Down.

John Langdon Haydon Down (18 November – 7 October ) was a British physician best known for his description of the genetic condition now known as Down syndrome, which he originally classified in He is also noted for his work in social medicine and as a pioneer in the care of mentally disabled patients.[1]

Early life

Down was born in Torpoint, Cornwall, the youngest of seven children of the merchant Thomas Joseph Down.[1] His father was originally from Derry in Ireland, and his mother, Hannah Haydon, from North Devon.[2] His father was descended from an Irish family, his great-great grandfather having been the Protestant Bishop of Derry and Raphoe.[3] John Down went to local schools including the Devonport Classical and Mathematical School.

At 14 he was apprenticed to his father, the village apothecary at Anthony St Jacob's. The vicar gave him a present of Arnott's Physics which made him determined to take up a scientific career.

John langdon haydon down biography of rory anderson Down continued working at Normansfield for the remainder of his life. She worked until in Normansfield. He also studied medicine. John Langdon Down had begun to write about these similarities and specialities.

In he had a chance encounter with a girl who presented with what would later be called Down Syndrome. This sparked his interest in becoming a doctor.[4] At the age of 18, he went to London where he got a post working for a surgeon in the Whitechapel Road where he had to bleed patients, extract teeth, wash bottles and dispense drugs.

Later he entered the pharmaceutical laboratory in Bloomsbury Square and won the prize for organic chemistry. He also met Michael Faraday and helped him with his work on gases. More than once he was called back to Torpoint to help his father in the business until the latter died in

Career

Down entered the Royal London Hospital as a student in One of his teachers was William John Little (of Little's disease).[5] There he had a career distinguished by honours and gold medals and he qualified in at the Apothecaries Hall and the Royal College of Surgeons.

John langdon haydon down biography of rory hamilton They can work in a workshop. He completed and graduated in Poor people with disabilities often lived in homes. Contact About Privacy.

In order to save money while in medical school, he stayed with his sister and her husband. While living with his sister, he met her sister-in-law, Mary Crellin, whom he later married in [4] In , he was appointed Medical Superintendent of the Earlswood Asylum in Surrey where he worked for 10 years.[6]

Later career

Down decided to transform Earlswood, a large institution which had its origins in two pioneering institutions set up in Highgate and Colchester, while he took his MB in London, won the gold medal in physiology and took his MRCP and MD degrees.

He was elected Assistant Physician to the London Hospital and continued to live at Earlswood and practice there and in London.

He and his wife Mary transformed Earlswood from a place of horror where patients were subject to corporal punishment and kept in dirty conditions and unschooled, to a happy place where all punishment was forbidden and replaced with kindness and rewards, the patients' dignity was valued and they were taught horse riding, gardening, crafts and elocution.[4] Down restructured the administration of the Asylum and started a regimen of stimulation, good food, and occupational training.[5]

In , he wrote a paper entitled "Observations on an Ethnic Classification of Idiots" in which he put forward the theory that it was possible to classify different types of conditions by ethnic characteristics.[7] He listed several types including the Malay, Caucasian and Ethiopian types.

In the main, the paper is about what is known as Down syndrome, named after him, but which he classified as the Mongolian type of idiot.[8]:&#;21&#; As a result, Down syndrome was also known as "Mongolism" and people with Down syndrome referred to as "Mongoloids".

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    • Down's original terminology, later deemed racist, continued to be used colloquially into the late 20th century.[8]:&#;21&#; Down's paper also argued that if mere disease is able to break down racial barriers to the point of causing the facial features of the offspring of whites to resemble those of another race, then racial differences must be the result of variation, affirming therefore the unity of the human species.

    Down used this reasoning to argue against a tendency he perceived in his day to regard different races as separate species.

    Down was an advocate for higher education for women and disagreed with the notion that it would make the women liable to produce "feeble-minded" children.[9] He also believed women should be allowed to join the workforce.

    This belief led him to petition the lords of Earlswood to pay his wife Mary for her contributions to the running of Earlswood. This request was refused because at the time the contributions of women in the workforce were considered volunteer work. This situation was thought to put a strain on Down's relationship with the lords of Earlswood.

    Down eventually retired from Earlswood in after the lords refused to give him the money he needed to display the artwork of some of his patients at an exhibition.[4]

    After resigning from Earlswood, Down set up his own private home for those with developmental and intellectual disabilities at Normansfield, between Hampton Wick and Teddington.

    The home's first occupants were 18 mentally disabled children of upper-class members of the community such as lords and physicians. In the home, Down and his wife did their best to educate the children and exposed them to a wide variety of mentally stimulating activities.

    John langdon haydon down biography of rory and dean: Even rich families now wanted to give their children to the home. John Langdon Down stayed his whole life at Normansfield. Illness, probably tuberculosis, forced him to go back home. He thought a lot about this.

    Normansfield was a success and eventually had to be expanded to house the growing number of its inhabitants. By the number of inhabitants in Normansfield had grown to [4]

    Down also made contributions to medicine through his research and was the first person to publish a description of the Prader-Willi syndrome, which he called 'polysarcia'.[5]

    In , he wrote a book entitled "Mental Affections of Childhood and Youth".

    It was published at the request of the Medical Society of London and was a transcript of three lectures along with fifteen papers Down published on mental defects. The book details his ideas and findings about several mental abnormalities such as Down syndrome and microcephaly and savant syndrome (naming it "idiot savantism").

    It also contains his view on the leading thoughts and available literature on the subject. In the lectures and some of the papers, he also weighed in on what he believed were the potential causes of various mental disorders. A recurring theme was the influence of parental physical and mental health on their child's chances of being born with a mental disorder.

    He also explored how the obstetric practices of the time could have influenced postnatal health.[10]

    Down was a respected member of his community and was an elected member of the Middlesex County Council.[9]

    Down died in the autumn of at the age of His body was cremated and kept in Normansfield.

    After his death, people stood on the streets in respect as his funeral procession passed by.[11] After his wife died, she was also cremated and their ashes were scattered together.[4]

    Legacy

    His two surviving sons, Reginald and Percival, both qualified in medicine at the London Hospital, joined their father, and became responsible for the hospital after his death in His grandson, Reginald's son, was born in with Down syndrome.[12]

    Down's institution was later absorbed into the National Health Service in [6]

    A century after Down's death, his contributions to the field of medicine were celebrated at the Mansell Symposium in the Medical Society of London, and the Royal Society of Medicine published a biography about him.[11]

    The building at Normansfield is grade II* listed and is now known as the Langdon Down Centre.

    It accommodates the headquarters of the Down's Syndrome Association.[13]

    The newest part of his hometown, Torpoint, had a street named in his honour: Langdon Down Way.[14]

    Bibliography

    References

    1. ^ abKutzsche, S.

      (). "John Langdon Down (–) – a pioneer in caring for mentally disabled patients". Acta Paediatrica. (11): – doi/apa PMID&#; S2CID&#;

    2. ^Stephen Ashwal, The Founders of Child Neurology, p.
    3. ^"Munks Roll Details for John Langdon Haydon Langdon-Down". . Archived from the original on 10 March Retrieved 10 March
    4. ^ abcdefVan Robays J ().

      "John Langdon Down ( - )". Facts Views Vis Obgyn. 8 (2): – PMC&#; PMID&#;

    5. ^ abcBlack, J. (). "John Langdon Down A Caring Pioneer". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

      John langdon haydon down biography of rory He worked as a lecturer. After their deaths Mary and John Langdon Down were both cremated. But John Langdon Down had not meant it as an offense. At that time, there was no other home that was like Normansfield.

      92 (6): – doi/ PMC&#;

    6. ^ abJay, Venita (1 February ). "Dr John Langdon Down". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. (2): doi/DJLD. PMID&#;
    7. ^JLH Down (). "Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots". Clinical Lecture Reports, London Hospital.

      John langdon haydon down biography of rory allen Benda, J. She can write letters. Also, in , after two years of work at the asylum, Down married Mary Crellin, who he had met years earlier while at The Medical School of the London Hospital. Oster, L.

      3: –

    8. ^ abDriscoll, Mark W. (). The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN&#;.
    9. ^ abDunn, P.

      M. (). "Dr Langdon Down () and 'mongolism'".

    10. John langdon haydon down biography of rory and dean
    11. John langdon haydon down biography of rory mcilroy
    12. John langdon haydon down biography of rory van

      13. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 66 (7 Spec No): – doi/adc_spec_no PMC&#; PMID&#;

    13. ^Down, John Langdon Haydon; Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (). On some of the mental affections of childhood and youth&#;: being the Lettsomian lectures delivered before the Medical Society of London in , together with other papers.

      Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh. London&#;: J. & A. Churchill.

    14. ^ ab"John Langdon Down: The Man and The Message"(PDF).
    15. ^Ward, O Conor (1 January ). "John Langdon Down: The Man and the Message". Down Syndrome Research and Practice.

      6 (1): 19– doi/perspectives PMID&#;

    16. ^"About us". Langdon Down Centre. Retrieved 15 October
    17. ^"Langdon Down Way, Torpoint". Google Maps.

    Sources

    External links